Education
Sub-Saharan Africa
Algeria 1992 鈥� 2002
Algeria experienced an internal conflict between the ruling party, the National Liberation
Front (FLN), and numerous Islamist factions from January 1992 to February 2002. One
of the attributed triggers of the conflict was the flawed transition to multiparty
democracy ...
Angola 1975 鈥� 2002
The Angola conflict began shortly before Angola鈥檚 independence from Portugal in 1975.
Two former anti-colonial guerilla movements fought for control of the country, the
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the People鈥檚 ...
Burundi 1993 鈥� 2005
Burundi gained independence from Belgium in July 1962. The ethnic structure of Burundi
is sharply divided, with a 鈥渃lass ranked ethnic system鈥� creating a foundation for
inequality and dissent that devolves rapidly into violent conflict. The Tutsi ethnic
minority ...
Cameroon Bamileke War (1960 鈥� 1970)
Cameroon, originally colonized by Portugal, came under German control in 1884. Following
Germany鈥檚 defeat in World War II, the territory was split under international mandate
between Britain and France. Both British and French Cameroon were ...
Congo 1996 鈥� 2003
This conflict may be viewed as either an international conflict or as a hybrid conflict,
in contrast to a purely civil war or insurgency. It is sometimes referred to as the
鈥淔irst African World War,鈥� in which conflict took place between the military forces
of several countries ...
Eritrea 1960 鈥� 1994
Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa bordered by Sudan in the north and west,
Ethiopia in the south, Djibouti in the southeast, and the Red Sea in the east. The
country鈥檚 east has an extensive coastline (approximately 1,000 kilometers) on the
Red Sea, ...
Liberian Civil War 1989 鈥� 1996
The First Liberian Civil War (1989鈥�96) was fought over government power and wealth.
In 1980, Samuel K. Doe ousted the one-party True Whig government but carried on their
oppression, corruption, and violence. He controlled elections, survived an attempted
...
Mozambique 1979 鈥� 1992
The Mozambican Civil War began in 1979 and lasted until a negotiated settlement was
signed by both parties in 1992. The conflict was fought in the Republic of Mozambique
between the Frelimo government and Renamo insurgents. The governing party at the ...
Nigerian Civil War (Biafra) 1967 鈥� 1970
Nigeria is a coastal country in West Africa. In 1960, it became independent from the
United Kingdom. The country is home to three main ethnicities, the Hausa in the north,
the Yoruba in the west, and the Igbo in the southeast. There are also more than 300
...
North Yemen 1962 鈥� 1970
The North Yemeni civil war was fought from 1962 to 1970 between the royalists of the
Mutawakkilite Kingdom and the insurgents of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). This conflict
began with a coup d鈥櫭﹖at carried out by republicans led by Abdullah al-Sallal, who
later ...
Rhodesian Bush War 1965 鈥� 1980
In 1965, the colony of Rhodesia declared independence from the United Kingdom in an
attempt to avoid decolonization and the inevitable elimination of white minority rule.
Approximately 230,000 people, or about 5 percent of a total population of ...
Rwanda 1994
The Rwandan Genocide was one of the most horrific atrocities in modern history. The
conflict was primarily between the two main ethnic groups in Rwanda, the Hutu and
the Tutsi. These two ethnic groups have had a tumultuous history, the modern chapter
of ...
Second Sudanese Civil War 1983 鈥� 2005
The civil war in Sudan resulted from British colonialism and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.
When the Ottoman Empire governed Sudan, social fault lines emerged between the predominantly
Arab northern population and the predominantly Black ...
Senegal Casamance 1982 鈥� 2022
Casamance is a region in southwestern Senegal separated, except on its eastern flank,
from the rest of Senegal by the Gambia. Ecologically different from most of Senegal,
economic and political development in the region differed as well. While the remainder
...
Sierra Leone 1991 鈥� 2002
In the wake of its independence from the British Empire, Sierra Leone became a one-party
state engulfed by corruption under Joseph Saidu Momoh鈥檚 All People鈥檚 Congress (APC).
Self-interest in the All People鈥檚 Congress ensured 鈥渕ass abject poverty.鈥� In 1991,
...
Uganda 1980 鈥� 1986
In 1979 former Ugandan President Idi Amin was ousted from power in a coup lead by
the Tanzania People鈥焥 Defense Forces. Following this coup, the Ugandan government
was comprised of multiple political groups, eventually leading to a military commission
...